Dynamic of Warfare in Pre-colonial Offa Land, 1878 – 1886 (Published)
This paper interrogates the arts of Warfare in Pre-colonial Offa Land, 1878 – 1886. It examines dynamic nature of warfare under Balogun Agidiako the war commander of Offa land at Jalumi War and Ilorin War under the Leadership of Balogun Karara. This paper adopts historical narrative techniques on how warfare was executed in Offa land 1887 – 1888 differently, with things to remember: drawing on both primary and secondary sources this paper emphasized on system of control, the administration of forces, the strategies employed and the character of the forces involved towards a revolutionary changes and struggle for hegemony by Offa against Ilorin. This paper advances that Offa engaged in three different battles with distinct military prowess, warfare tactics and strategies. Though, this paper stands to contribute to academic discourse on Pre-colonial warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Keywords: Jalumi, Offa Land, Tactics and Strategy., Warfare, pre-colonial
Credit Contribution Club (ISUSU): A Veritable Indigenous Source of Capital Formation among the Igbo of Southeast Nigeria, 1900 TO 2015 (Published)
From the pre-colonial era to date (2015) the challenge of capital formation (finance) among Africans, especially those in the rural communities, cannot be overemphasized. Lack of capital adversely affected the growth of economic activities, which also negatively impacted on the standard of living of the people, leading to inequality, unemployment, and poverty, among others. In Nigeria, colonial and successive governments tried to address this issue without success. They established different types of financial institutions, which more or less served the interests of minority government officials, government employees, elite, and other such groups in the country. For the Igbo of Nigeria, credit contribution clubs were, and still are, veritable sources of capital formation, even before the emergence of colonial rule. In the face of economic challenges, especially in the area of capital formation, credit contribution clubs (Isusu) have been widely used to access funds over modern finance institutions (Banks, Stock exchange, and others). The focus of this work is to bring to the fore the indigenous institution, Isusu, which have been source for pooling capital (funds) for the benefit of the members. The popularity of this informal institution for capital formation amongst the people, even the successful elite, in our area of study will be emphasized. The paper concludes that contribution clubs (Isusu) is one of the non-agrarian pre-colonial institutions for capital formation that contributed immensely to the development of the economic activities of Igbo people. The scope of this paper is the Igbo of Southeast Nigeria. The approach adopted and in writing this work are the descriptive and analytical method. The period covered by the paper is between 1900 and 2015.
Keywords: Capital Formation, Fund, Indigenous, Institution, contribution clubs, pre-colonial, veritable
Jukun-Tiv Relations in the Benue Valley Region: The 2019 Scuffles in Southern Taraba State, Nigeria (Published)
Conflict, in general, is an inevitable part of relationship within and between groups and societies. It is intrinsic and thus natural to human and is expressed in diverse forms, differences in opinion, views and sentiments etc. When conflict occurs, interests are always at stake. The values attached to these interests mostly define the nature and character of such conflict. The most disturbing is the violence that often leaves in its wake several loss of lives, destruction of valuable property and a general sense of insecurity. The 2019 Jukun-Tiv conflict in Wukari assumed such a character with the attendant consequences of violent conflict, fast becoming the “normal” reality of our time. This is not only dangerous and unacceptable, but has formed the basis on which this research work is dedicated to resolving. Through a multi-disciplinary approach, the research attempt an analysis of the nature and character of the 2019 Jukun-Tiv conflict within a broader context of relationship in the Benue Valley Region of Nigeria. At the end, practicable and justifiable processes and ways that would guarantee positive and viable relationship between the Jukun and Tiv are suggested.
Keywords: Colonial, Conflict, Economic, Political, Politics, Relationship, Social, policies, pre-colonial
Jukun-Tiv Relations in the Benue Valley Region: The 2019 Scuffles in Southern Taraba State, Nigeria (Published)
Conflict, in general, is an inevitable part of relationship within and between groups and societies. It is intrinsic and thus natural to human and is expressed in diverse forms, differences in opinion, views and sentiments etc. When conflict occurs, interests are always at stake. The values attached to these interests mostly define the nature and character of such conflict. The most disturbing is the violence that often leaves in its wake several loss of lives, destruction of valuable property and a general sense of insecurity. The 2019 Jukun-Tiv conflict in Wukari assumed such a character with the attendant consequences of violent conflict, fast becoming the “normal” reality of our time. This is not only dangerous and unacceptable, but has formed the basis on which this research work is dedicated to resolving. Through a multi-disciplinary approach, the research attempt an analysis of the nature and character of the 2019 Jukun-Tiv conflict within a broader context of relationship in the Benue Valley Region of Nigeria. At the end, practicable and justifiable processes and ways that would guarantee positive and viable relationship between the Jukun and Tiv are suggested.
Keywords: Colonial, Conflict, Economic, Political, Politics, Relationship, Social, policies, pre-colonial
Traditional Justice System and Conflict Resolution: Exploring the Pre-Colonial Institutional Frameworks in Mamfe and Bakweri Lands of Cameroon (Published)
The current paper is geared at establishing the historicity of the traditional justice system in Cameroon using the Mamfe and Bakweri experiences. It centers on how traditional justice was dispensed in certain specific areas in Cameroon. Before the introduction of Formal Justice Instruments, it is important to mention that different societies applied different instruments of justice. Justice systems were modeled based on cultural belief patterns. Every society in pre-colonial Cameroon had its unique instruments of dictating and punishing crime. These instruments were enshrined in the people’s culture and handed down from generation to generation. The recognition of these traditional instruments of justice was born out of the ever increasing acceptance of the validity and legitimacy of the adjudicative powers of traditional leadership. In some instances a word from majesty was law. To realize this study, an interdisciplinary approach is adopted to prop into traditional instruments of justice using the Bakweri and Mamfe areas as typical examples. A qualitative design was adopted to look at the various crimes that were committed in these societies and the punishments that were mated out depending on the nature and magnitude of the crime. From all indications the traditional society in the Mamfe and Bakweri areas were not lawless societies. The people upheld human right values through their traditional belief patterns and could dictate and punish crime accordingly. The spirit of fair hearing was accorded criminals before punishment was mated out and this was enshrined in the doctrine of the traditional councils and customary courts that were charged with the resolution of land disputes, marital conflicts and other crimes like theft. Colonialism came with its own judicial system but some of the customary legal practices have continued to survive like customary marriages that are still recognized even in the presence of modern patterns of marriage
Keywords: Cameroon, Conflict Resolution, Traditional Justice, pre-colonial
The Eclipse of the Institution of Slavery and its Impact on the pre-colonial state of Ibadan, 1873-1900 (Published)
The concept of progress among individuals, communities and organisations globally implies positive changes. The process of change itself is a normal occurrence and this is why it has been regarded as the most permanent phenomenon in human history. However, it must be noted that despite its permanent nature, societies view the concept of change as less desirable than status quo because of the fear of the unknown. This is applicable to development in the pre-colonial state of Ibadan. The Ibadan of our period introduced quite a lot of dynamism into statecraft. The changes swept through governance, agro-allied and local industrial production; marketing and diplomacy, both at home and in the vassal states. However, decision makers in Ibadan were reluctant when it was their turn to experience similar changes. This is not surprising because the wind of change that confronted the status quo in Ibadan was massive, such that the existing arrangement in which slaves were practically made the mainstay of the political economy of the state, collapsed under the new arrangement that was introduced by the British. This paper therefore, discusses the prelude to the sweeping changes and their effects on the society.
Keywords: Eclipse, Ibadan, Impact, Slavery, pre-colonial
IQBAL’S VIEWS ON GLORIOUS NATIONAL HISTORY OF THE MUSLIMS IN PRE-COLONIAL SUBCONTINENT BEING “COLONIZED INTELLEGENTIA” IN MUSLIM: AN ANALYSIS IN COLONIAL PERSPECTIVE (Published)
In this paper I have analyzed the practices of colonized intelligentsia that how they contribute in liberal movements by contest the colonial legacies in the mindset of their nation. Strategies of colonized intellectuals are also focused on in what way they invest their passions to make conscious their nation. In this regard it will also analyze that how intellectuals of colonized nation revive their glorified and dignified past. I will use the framework of post colonialism. Frantz fanon’s assumptions will be used as a theoretical background. These assumptions will be applied on Iqbal’s poetry regarding nationalism.
Keywords: National consciousness, barbarism theory, decolonization, glorious past, pre-colonial, regeneration
