Changes observed in the kidney of biofloc grown rohu infected with pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila (Published)
Kidneys are the major parts of excretion in the body of fish (animals). Some pathogens like Aeromonas hydrophila affect kidney and destroy the cells of kidney and the normal colour of the kidney. Rohu fish grown in biofloc for 120 days were dissected to observe the changes in the kidneys, after infecting with Aeromonas hydrophila. The dissected kidneys were collected observed for abnormalities in the affected kidneys of rohu. Void spaces, attrophy, inflammation, tubular infection, glomerular abnormality and heavy infiltration of bacteria of have been observed. Higher concentration of bacteria shown more infection and death of rohu fish.
Keywords: Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacteria, Infiltration, Rohu, kidney cells, pathogen
Comparative Analysis of Water Quality from Harvested Rain and Borehole Water in Oweeri-West, Imo State (Published)
The growing global population in a bid to solve the challenge of water shortage has resorted to groundwater and rainwater considering their benefits. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the quality of harvested rainwater and underground water (borehole) in Owerri-west in order to ascertain their portability in the light of WHO (2010) drinking water standard. Groundwater and rainwater samples were collected from Ihiagwa, Obinze and Nekede and analysed for physicochemical and microbial quality. These samples were analyzed using laboratory analytical techniques as recommended by World Health Organization and American Public Health Association. The result from the analysis showed that the Heterotrophic Bacterial Counts (cfu/ml) of water samples were BH (6.58%), Aluminum (11.84%), Zinc (19.74%), Asbestos (28.95%) and Thatched (32.89%). Out of the four bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermis) observed in all the water samples, Escherichia coli had the highest number of occurrence of 126(82.89) cfu/ml. All the physicochemical parameters analyzed conformed to the recommended standard value apart from pH value from borehole, and the rainwater sample from thatched roofing sheet with turbidity (10.3 NTU), objectionable taste and odour, and a general appearance that was not clear. The results observed showed the sequence of quality of groundwater and rainwater as Borehole > Aluminum > Zinc > Asbestos > Thatched. Generally, groundwater was more potable than harvested rainwater within the study area. This study however suggests that drinking water sources should be properly treated especially harvested rainwater prior to consumption using appropriate method in order to reduce the occurrence of waterborne disease.
Keywords: Bacteria, Physicochemical, Water Quality, water borne diseases
Comparative Analysis of Water Quality from Harvested Rain and Borehole Water in Owerri-West, Imo State (Published)
The growing global population in a bid to solve the challenge of water shortage has resorted to groundwater and rainwater considering their benefits. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the quality of harvested rainwater and underground water (borehole) in Owerri-west in order to ascertain their portability in the light of WHO (2010) drinking water standard. Groundwater and rainwater samples were collected from Ihiagwa, Obinze and Nekede and analysed for physicochemical and microbial quality. These samples were analyzed using laboratory analytical techniques as recommended by World Health Organization and American Public Health Association. The result from the analysis showed that the Heterotrophic Bacterial Counts (cfu/ml) of water samples were BH (6.58%), Aluminum (11.84%), Zinc (19.74%), Asbestos (28.95%) and Thatched (32.89%). Out of the four bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermis) observed in all the water samples, Escherichia coli had the highest number of occurrence of 126(82.89) cfu/ml. All the physicochemical parameters analyzed conformed to the recommended standard value apart from pH value from borehole, and the rainwater sample from thatched roofing sheet with turbidity (10.3 NTU), objectionable taste and odour, and a general appearance that was not clear. The results observed showed the sequence of quality of groundwater and rainwater as Borehole > Aluminum > Zinc > Asbestos > Thatched. Generally, groundwater was more potable than harvested rainwater within the study area. This study however suggests that drinking water sources should be properly treated especially harvested rainwater prior to consumption using appropriate method in order to reduce the occurrence of waterborne disease.
Keywords: Bacteria, Physicochemical, Water Quality, water borne diseases
Bacterialogical and Parasitological Assessment of Fresh Meat Marketed In Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria (Published)
The bacteriological and parasitological assessment of some fresh meat marketed in Owerri, Nigeria was carried out using standard bacteriological and parasitological methods. The meat samples used for the study were flesh, towel, intestine and liver from goat, pork and chicken. There was no fungal and Salmonella – Shigella count in all the samples. The presence of Staphylococcus count was obtained in fresh goat meat and the viable bacterial counts ranged from 5.0× 105cfi/ml to 8.0× 106 cfu/ml while the total coliform counts ranged from 1.0× 105(cfu/ml to 4.0×106cfu/ml. The bacterial isolates obtained were: Staphylococcus aereus, Micrococcus species, Salmonella species, Shigella species, Corynebacterium species, Pseudomonas aureginosa, Bacillus species and Escherichia coli with Micrococcus species showing the highest occurrence. Among the parasites identified, Taenia spp had the highest occurrence. There is need for proper hygienic practices to be observed by the butchers in addition to beefing up the activities of Consumers Protection Council(CPC) to ensure the safety of meat available for public consumption
Keywords: Assessment, Bacteria, Fresh meat, Oocysts, Owerri, Parasites
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Guiera Senegalensis and Prosopis Africana Leave Extract on Some Bacterial Pathogens (Published)
The bioactive components of the leaves of Guiera senegalensis and Prosopis africana were extracted using ethanol, aqueous and crude extraction methods. Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed that extracts contain alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides and steroids, while glycosides and alkaloids were absent in P. africana and G. senegalensis respectively. Quantitative phytochemical analysis of G. senegalensis showed 1.352mg/100g of flavonoids and 14.59mg/100g of phenols. Prosopis africana quantitatively showed 3.041mg/100g flavonoids and 10.22mg/100g phenol content. The various extracts were investigated for their antibacterial activity using agar diffusion methods of susceptibility testing against the test organisms. The ethanolic extract of Prosopis africana demonstrated the highest activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi (4.7mm, 4mm and 4mm zones of inhibition respectively) while the least activity was demonstrated by aqueous extract against Escherichia coli (1mm inhibition zone). The ethanolic extract of G. senegalensis also inhibited Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with (3.5mm, 3mm, and 2.8mm of zones of inhibitions respectively). The crude and the aqueous extracts of both plants showed lower zones of inhibition against all the three organisms. This study shows that the use of G. senegalensis and Prosopis africana leaves as traditional medicine has a lot of potential in treatment of antimicrobial infections with further standardization.
Keywords: Antimicrobial efficacy, Bacteria, Inhibition, Phytochemical, leave extract
Nisin Peptide as Promising Natural Food Preservative for Food (Published)
Sodium Nitrite has been widely use as preservative for meats and fish Products, but in recent years there has been considerable interest for searching about natural Food preservatives like Nisin peptide. The aim of this study was to compare the inhibitory effect of two preservatives were Sodium Nitrite and Nisin peptide separately against Staphylococcus Aureus (Staph. A), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Candida Albicans (C. Albicans) in Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB) at three different pH (7.0- 6.0- 5.5). After that the combination effect between Sodium Nitrite and Nisin was studied in MHB at optimum pH that was concluded from the previous stage. Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) of both preservatives were evaluated. FIC values (Fractional Inhibitory Concentration) were calculated after combination between them. The results showed that MIC values of Sodium Nitrite against S. Aureus, E. coli and C. albicans at pH 5.5 were (500- 200- 500) ppm respectively and MIC values of Nisin were (100- 350- 500) ppm respectively, while MIC values of the combination (Sodium Nitrite+ Nisin) against S. A, E. coli and C. albicans were (50- 25- 100) ppm respectively and FIC values of them were (0.39- 0.15- 0.30). On the other hand The results showed that simultaneous use of Nisin with sodium nitrite reduced MIC and MBC of this compound against bacteria and fungi Significantly consequently, this synergistic effect of Nisin could promote in the Future to reduce of the using of Sodium Nitrite in food industry.
Keywords: Bacteria, FIC., MIC, Nisin, Synergism
Detection of Bacterial Pathogens Causing Urinary Tract Infection and Study their Susceptibility to Antibiotics at Asuq- Alshukh Hospital in the Province of Dhi -Qar (Published)
This study of urinary tract infection has been planned to isolation and identification of bacterial pathogens. The urine were collected from 60 patients for a Suq- Alshukh hospitals they were including 23 male and 37 female . Patients aged between 15 to 70 years . Urine culture had been done for all the 60 patients who were included in this study . Only 45 patients had positive urine culture they were including 15 male and 30 females . The most common organism was Esherichia coli which was isolated from 14 patients with percentage of 31.1% . E.coli was the most prevalent followed by Proteus mirabilis 22.2% (10), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 15.5% (7) , Staphylococcus aureus 11.1% (5) , Klebsiella pneumonia 13.3 % (4) , Staph.saprophyticus 4.4% (2) and Serratia marcescenes 2.2% (1) . The antibiotics susceptibility test was done for all isolates to 8 antibiotics , Amikacin was more antibiotic that effect on all kinds of isolate , the sensitivity of isolates to this antibiotic was registered (95.7%) followed by Ciprofloxacin (80.7%) , while the highest resistant of all isolates was to Amoxicillin , it was registered (9.2%) .
Keywords: Antibiotics, Asuq-Alshukh Hospital, Bacteria, UTI
Damage Caused By Spoilage Bacteria to the Structure of Cattle Hides and Sheep Skins (Published)
Recently greater attention has been given to hides and skins because of the added value of processing them into leather and leather products. The study aimed to isolate and identify aerobic bacteria associated with damage to raw cattle hides and sheep/goat skins in Sudan. Probably due to poor hygiene and poor conditions in the slaughterhouses a total of 414 organisms were isolated (379 Gram- positive and 35 Gram- negative bacteria) from fresh and washed hides and skins in the slaughterhouse, salted and dried hides and skins in warehouses where these was a delay in curing and the absence of bactericides. Other bacterial species were isolated from raw hides and skins which were delivered without treatment to the tannery. Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas spp. were the predominant microorganisms isolated. Histological examination of the putrefied areas showed that the epidermis became thin without cellular structure and appeared ribbon-like and detached from the dermis whilst the dermis became loose. The bacterial damage was clear in raw hides and skins delivered without treatment and had lesions of putrefaction with St. equorum, St. gallinarum, Dermacoccus nishinomiyaenesis, Gardnerella vaginalis being isolated from putrefied hides and skins for the first time. Significance and impact. The bacterial activity affected skins and hides structures. The epidermis and dermis layers, which are valuable tissues in the leather industry and determine the quality of the leather were severely affected.
Keywords: Bacteria, Hides, Histology, Putrefaction, Skins
THE EFFECT OF ALKALOIDS AND FLAVONOIDS EXTRACTS OF VITEX DONIANA SEED ON SOME MICROORGANISMS (Published)
This research studied the effects of alkaloids and flavonoids extracts of Vitex doniana seeds on some pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The bacteria are: P. aeroginosa, B. subtilis, S. aureaus, E. coli and S. typhi. The fungi are C. albican and A. niger. It was found that the alkaloid and flavonoid extracts of the seed inhibited the above named five bacteria successfully. The alkaloid and flavonoids extracts of the seed cannot inhibit the above mentioned two test fungi. Alkaloid and flavonoids extracts of V. doniana seeds are antibiotic in action. This knowledge can help the new generation pharmacists in their formulation of new drugs to improve health care delivery.
Keywords: Alkaloids, Bacteria, Flavonoids, Vitex doniana seed, fungi, microorganisms and extracts.
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF TWO NIGERIAN FERMENTED ALCOHOLIC DRINKS (PALMWINE AND BURUKUTU) IN EKITI STATE, NIGERIA. (Published)
Palm wine samples were collected from five (5) different towns in Ekiti State while burukutu were also collected from three different towns in Ekiti State. The pH of the palm wine ranged from 4.49 in sample PWB (Are- Ekiti) to 5.23 in PWD (Ikere-Ekiti). In the chemical analysis, total alkalinity ranged from 0.03% in PWA (Ado-Ekiti), PWD and PWE (Ikole-Ekiti) to 0.06 in PWB. Total solids ranged from 10.670 Brix in PWA to 16.57 in sample PWC (Ifaki-Ekiti). Total reducing sugar ranged from 10.81% in sample PWA to 18.94% in PWC while protein ranged from 0.31mg/l in PWE to 0.34mg/l in PWB and PWC. In the total bacteria count (TBC), it ranged from 0.9 X 105 cfu/ml in PWC to 2.3 X 105 cfu/ml in PWA. TBC in burukutu has the highest value of 8 in sample BK (Ado -Ekiti) and lowest of 4.9 in sample BM (Ikere-Ekiti). Total yeast count, ranged from 1 in PWB to 6 in PWD. For the burukutu sample, it ranged from 4 in sample BL (Ikole-Ekiti) to 88 in BK. In all, 2.9 x 10 microorganisms were isolated from the palm wine samples with 1.2 x 10 yeast cells and 1.7 x 10 bacteria cells. From the microbial load on the samples, 5 bacteria genera were isolated. Consumption of these alcoholic beverages are therefore not safe, as contaminants have been observed in the drinks and these contaminants and pathogens are dangerous as consumption can result to health hazard .
Keywords: Bacteria, Burukutu, Wine, Yeast and Alcoholic Beverages
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF TWO NIGERIAN FERMENTED ALCOHOLIC DRINKS (PALMWINE AND BURUKUTU) IN EKITI STATE, NIGERIA. (Published)
Palm wine samples were collected from five (5) different towns in Ekiti State while burukutu were also collected from three different towns in Ekiti State. The pH of the palm wine ranged from 4.49 in sample PWB (Are- Ekiti) to 5.23 in PWD (Ikere-Ekiti). In the chemical analysis, total alkalinity ranged from 0.03% in PWA (Ado-Ekiti), PWD and PWE (Ikole-Ekiti) to 0.06 in PWB. Total solids ranged from 10.670 Brix in PWA to 16.57 in sample PWC (Ifaki-Ekiti). Total reducing sugar ranged from 10.81% in sample PWA to 18.94% in PWC while protein ranged from 0.31mg/l in PWE to 0.34mg/l in PWB and PWC. In the total bacteria count (TBC), it ranged from 0.9 X 105 cfu/ml in PWC to 2.3 X 105 cfu/ml in PWA. TBC in burukutu has the highest value of 8 in sample BK (Ado -Ekiti) and lowest of 4.9 in sample BM (Ikere-Ekiti). Total yeast count, ranged from 1 in PWB to 6 in PWD. For the burukutu sample, it ranged from 4 in sample BL (Ikole-Ekiti) to 88 in BK. In all, 2.9 x 10 microorganisms were isolated from the palm wine samples with 1.2 x 10 yeast cells and 1.7 x 10 bacteria cells. From the microbial load on the samples, 5 bacteria genera were isolated. Consumption of these alcoholic beverages are therefore not safe, as contaminants have been observed in the drinks and these contaminants and pathogens are dangerous as consumption can result to health hazard
Keywords: Alcoholic Beverages, Bacteria, Burukutu, Palmwine, Yeast
